9+ Weird Weather: El Nio & More


9+ Weird Weather: El Nio & More

The precise image often known as a tilde (~) finds utility in meteorology to indicate approximation. For instance, within the context of temperature, “20C~” signifies a temperature of roughly 20 levels Celsius. This utilization aids in conveying uncertainty or estimations in climate reporting, acknowledging the inherent variability of atmospheric situations. Equally, it’d seem with wind velocity or precipitation quantities.

This concise notation presents a invaluable device for speaking climate data precisely and effectively. It permits meteorologists to precise levels of confidence of their predictions, reflecting the restrictions of forecasting fashions and measurements. Traditionally, this observe doubtless emerged with the rising want for standardized climate reporting and the will to signify inherent uncertainties successfully. This stage of precision is essential for a wide range of sectors, from agriculture and aviation to catastrophe preparedness and on a regular basis planning.

This understanding of how the tilde features in meteorological contexts serves as a basis for exploring broader matters in climate forecasting, information interpretation, and the communication of scientific data. Additional dialogue will delve into the precise purposes and implications of utilizing approximations in several climate situations and forecasting fashions.

1. Approximation

Approximation varieties a cornerstone of meteorological communication, mirrored by way of a tilde. Climate programs are inherently complicated and dynamic, making exact predictions difficult. The tilde acknowledges this inherent uncertainty, indicating {that a} reported worth represents a detailed estimate quite than an absolute measurement. For instance, a forecast stating ~5 cm of snow prepares people for snowfall round 5 centimeters, acknowledging potential variations as a consequence of localized situations, altering climate patterns, and limitations in forecasting fashions. This distinction between exact measurement and approximation is essential for sensible decision-making primarily based on climate data. The usage of approximation permits for efficient communication of possible outcomes whereas acknowledging inherent uncertainties.

Contemplate a state of affairs the place a farmer depends on climate forecasts for irrigation scheduling. A prediction of “~20C” permits the farmer to anticipate temperature situations appropriate for particular crops, understanding that the precise temperature would possibly fluctuate barely. Equally, aviation depends closely on approximate wind velocity estimations, like “~15 knots,” for flight planning and security. Whereas exact measurements are ultimate, approximations present invaluable data for making knowledgeable selections within the face of unavoidable uncertainties. This understanding of approximation in meteorology is essential for deciphering forecasts and making sound judgments primarily based on out there information.

The significance of approximation extends past particular person purposes. It displays a elementary understanding of the restrictions of climate forecasting and promotes life like expectations of predictive accuracy. Whereas scientific developments proceed to enhance forecasting fashions, climate programs stay inherently complicated and influenced by quite a few variables. Accepting and understanding the function of approximation is essential to successfully utilizing climate data for planning and decision-making throughout varied sectors, from agriculture and transportation to catastrophe administration and public security. This nuanced method facilitates higher communication and preparedness for potential climate impacts.

2. Uncertainty

Uncertainty is intrinsically linked to using a tilde (~) in representing climate phenomena. Climate programs are complicated and influenced by quite a few interacting variables, making exact prediction difficult. The tilde acknowledges this inherent uncertainty, offering a visible cue that the related worth is an approximation, not an absolute measurement. Understanding the assorted aspects of this uncertainty is essential for deciphering climate data precisely and making knowledgeable selections.

  • Measurement Limitations

    Meteorological measurements are topic to inherent limitations. Devices have finite precision, and commentary networks can not cowl each location. Representing temperature as “~22C” acknowledges potential discrepancies between the reported worth and the precise temperature at a particular level. This recognition of measurement limitations is crucial for deciphering information realistically.

  • Mannequin Limitations

    Climate forecasting fashions, whereas refined, depend on simplifications of complicated atmospheric processes. Predicting “~10 mm of rainfall” acknowledges the mannequin’s inherent limitations in capturing the total complexity of climate programs, which may result in variations in precise precipitation quantities. Understanding these limitations fosters extra life like expectations of forecast accuracy.

  • Chaotic Nature of Climate

    Climate programs are inherently chaotic, that means small preliminary variations can result in important modifications over time. Forecasting wind velocity as “~15 knots” displays this chaotic nature, acknowledging the potential for deviations from the anticipated worth as a consequence of unpredictable atmospheric fluctuations. This understanding underscores the significance of contemplating uncertainty in planning and decision-making.

  • Localized Variations

    Climate situations can fluctuate considerably over quick distances. A forecast of “~5 cm of snow” acknowledges potential localized variations as a consequence of topography, microclimates, and different elements. This recognition of localized variations emphasizes the necessity for contemplating particular geographical context when deciphering climate data.

These aspects of uncertainty spotlight the essential function of the tilde in conveying the approximate nature of climate information and forecasts. Recognizing these inherent limitations permits for extra life like interpretations of climate data and fosters extra knowledgeable decision-making within the face of unavoidable uncertainty. This nuanced understanding of uncertainty promotes a extra sensible and efficient use of meteorological data throughout varied sectors.

3. Estimation

Estimation performs a vital function in conveying climate data, significantly when coping with complicated and dynamic phenomena. The tilde (~) serves as a visible illustration of this estimation course of, signifying {that a} reported worth is an approximation quite than a exact measurement. Understanding the assorted aspects of estimation in meteorology is crucial for deciphering climate information precisely and making knowledgeable selections primarily based on inherent uncertainties.

  • Professional Judgment

    Meteorologists usually depend on professional judgment to refine forecasts and account for elements not absolutely captured by fashions. When numerical fashions predict a sure temperature vary, an professional would possibly use their information of native situations and up to date traits to estimate a extra particular worth, offered as “~20C.” This integration of human experience enhances the accuracy and relevance of climate data, particularly in conditions with restricted information or complicated native microclimates. This mix of scientific modeling and human expertise improves the reliability of estimations.

  • Rounding and Simplification

    Climate information is commonly rounded or simplified for simpler communication and understanding. As an alternative of reporting extremely exact values like 22.87 mm of rainfall, a meteorologist would possibly estimate “~23 mm.” This simplification maintains important data whereas making it extra accessible to the general public. Rounding supplies a readily digestible approximation with out sacrificing important accuracy, balancing precision with practicality. This streamlined method is essential for efficient communication with a broad viewers.

  • Interpolation and Extrapolation

    In areas with sparse climate stations, meteorologists use interpolation and extrapolation to estimate situations in areas with out direct measurements. If a climate station information 10C and one other 15C a ways away, one would possibly estimate an intermediate location to be “~12C.” These estimations acknowledge the dearth of direct information and supply invaluable approximations for areas with restricted observational protection. This enables for the creation of complete climate maps and forecasts even in data-sparse areas, enhancing general situational consciousness.

  • Probabilistic Forecasting

    Fashionable meteorology incorporates possibilities to quantify the uncertainty in forecasts. A forecast would possibly state a “60% likelihood of ~5 mm of rain,” indicating each the estimated rainfall quantity and the boldness stage related to this estimation. This probabilistic method acknowledges the inherent uncertainties in climate prediction and supplies a extra nuanced understanding of potential outcomes, enabling customers to make better-informed selections primarily based on each the estimated worth and the related chance.

These aspects of estimation, represented by the tilde, are integral to speaking climate data successfully. They mirror the inherent complexity and uncertainty of climate phenomena whereas offering invaluable approximations for sensible decision-making. Understanding these facets permits for a extra life like interpretation of climate forecasts and emphasizes the significance of contemplating each the estimated worth and the related uncertainty when planning actions or responding to potential climate impacts. This nuanced method facilitates knowledgeable decision-making within the face of complicated and unpredictable climate situations.

4. Imprecision

Imprecision, inherent within the illustration of climate phenomena utilizing a tilde (~), displays the elemental limitations in observing and predicting atmospheric situations. This imprecision is not a flaw however quite an acknowledgment of the complicated and dynamic nature of climate programs. A number of elements contribute to this inherent imprecision: the restrictions of measuring devices, the inherent uncertainties in forecasting fashions, the chaotic nature of atmospheric processes, and the localized variations in climate situations. For instance, stating a temperature as “~25C” displays the imprecision arising from instrument limitations and potential localized variations. Equally, a wind velocity of “~10 knots” acknowledges the inherent uncertainties inside forecasting fashions and the chaotic nature of wind patterns. This understanding of imprecision is essential for deciphering climate data realistically.

Contemplate the sensible implications of imprecision in, for instance, agricultural planning. A farmer counting on a rainfall prediction of “~50 mm” should perceive that the precise rainfall might fluctuate. This imprecision necessitates flexibility in irrigation methods and crop administration selections. One other instance lies inside aviation, the place wind velocity estimations of “~20 knots” require pilots to think about potential variations throughout takeoff and touchdown, impacting security protocols and flight paths. Recognizing imprecision permits for adaptive methods that account for potential deviations from predicted values. Failure to account for imprecision can result in insufficient preparation and probably hazardous outcomes.

Understanding the imprecision related to the tilde in climate reporting fosters a extra nuanced and sensible method to utilizing climate data. It encourages customers to think about a spread of potentialities quite than fixating on a single, probably imprecise, worth. Acknowledging and incorporating this imprecision into decision-making processes enhances preparedness and mitigates potential dangers related to climate variability. This nuanced understanding is crucial for successfully using climate data throughout varied sectors, selling safer and extra knowledgeable selections within the face of inherent uncertainties.

5. Variability

Variability, a defining attribute of climate programs, necessitates using approximations, usually represented by the tilde (~), in meteorological reporting. Climate situations fluctuate throughout spatial and temporal scales, influenced by a large number of interacting elements. This inherent variability necessitates a nuanced method to deciphering climate data, transferring past fastened values to think about ranges and possibilities. The tilde acts as a visible illustration of this variability, signifying that reported values are estimations topic to inherent fluctuations.

  • Temporal Fluctuations

    Climate situations change over time, from hour to hour and everyday. A temperature forecast of “~20C” for a given day acknowledges the anticipated temperature fluctuations all through that interval. These temporal variations are pushed by diurnal cycles, passing climate programs, and different dynamic atmospheric processes. The tilde emphasizes that the reported worth is a consultant estimate inside an anticipated vary of temperature variations all through the day.

  • Spatial Variations

    Climate situations can differ considerably throughout comparatively quick distances. A prediction of “~5 cm of snowfall” acknowledges potential variations in accumulation as a consequence of localized elements like elevation, proximity to our bodies of water, and concrete warmth island results. The tilde highlights the potential for spatial heterogeneity in snowfall, emphasizing that the reported worth represents a mean or a possible vary quite than a uniform accumulation throughout your entire space.

  • Microscale Variability

    Even inside small areas, climate situations can exhibit microscale variability. Wind velocity reported as “~15 knots” acknowledges that precise wind speeds can fluctuate as a consequence of turbulence, gusts, and localized wind patterns. The tilde emphasizes that the reported worth is an approximation topic to those microscale variations, highlighting the restrictions of representing complicated wind patterns with single level measurements.

  • Impression of Variability on Forecasts

    Climate forecast fashions account for variability via ensemble forecasting, producing a number of predictions primarily based on barely completely different preliminary situations. This ends in a spread of potential outcomes, usually communicated utilizing possibilities and approximations, equivalent to “40% likelihood of ~10 mm rainfall.” The tilde, inside a probabilistic forecast, signifies that the anticipated rainfall quantity is an estimation, topic to the inherent variability captured by the ensemble forecast. This nuanced method supplies a extra life like illustration of potential climate outcomes.

These aspects of variability underscore the essential function of the tilde in conveying the dynamic and unsure nature of climate phenomena. Understanding this inherent variability permits for a extra knowledgeable interpretation of climate data, selling life like expectations and facilitating higher preparedness for potential fluctuations in situations. The tilde serves as a continuing reminder of the restrictions of exact measurement and prediction within the face of a fancy and ever-changing environment. Recognizing and accounting for variability is crucial for efficient use of climate data throughout varied sectors, from agriculture and transportation to public security and emergency administration.

6. Rounding

Rounding performs a major function in representing climate phenomena, usually indicated by the tilde (~). Meteorological information, inherently topic to limitations in measurement and prediction accuracy, usually makes use of rounding to simplify numerical values whereas preserving sensible relevance. This course of includes approximating a numerical worth to a much less exact however extra manageable type, usually to the closest entire quantity or a particular decimal place. For instance, a temperature measurement of twenty-two.3C is perhaps rounded to ~22C, or a wind velocity of 14.8 knots to ~15 knots. This simplification facilitates simpler communication and comprehension with out important lack of sensible data. The tilde, on this context, explicitly alerts the applying of rounding, emphasizing that the offered worth is an approximation.

The connection between rounding and using the tilde turns into significantly evident in climate forecasting. Predicting extremely exact values for complicated phenomena like rainfall or snowfall is commonly impractical as a consequence of inherent uncertainties in atmospheric fashions. Expressing rainfall as “~25 mm” acknowledges the restrictions of exact prediction and signifies a rounded estimation. Equally, representing snowfall as “~10 cm” displays the rounding course of, emphasizing the approximate nature of the prediction. This observe permits for efficient communication of doubtless situations whereas acknowledging inherent uncertainties, fostering life like expectations and selling knowledgeable decision-making primarily based on possible ranges quite than exact however probably deceptive figures. In situations the place exact values are much less crucial than understanding the final magnitude, rounding supplies a sensible and environment friendly illustration of complicated climate phenomena.

The understanding of rounding as an integral facet of representing climate phenomena with a tilde underscores the steadiness between precision and practicality in meteorological communication. Whereas exact measurements are ultimate, the inherent limitations in commentary and prediction necessitate using approximations. Rounding, signaled by the tilde, facilitates clear communication of those approximations, fostering a extra life like understanding of climate data. Recognizing this connection allows people to interpret climate forecasts and information extra successfully, selling knowledgeable decision-making within the face of inherent uncertainties and variability. This understanding is essential for varied sectors, from agriculture and aviation to catastrophe preparedness, the place selections primarily based on climate data should account for each the estimated worth and the related imprecision.

7. Simplified Worth

Simplified values, usually represented utilizing a tilde (~), play a vital function in speaking climate data successfully. The inherent complexity and variability of climate phenomena necessitate simplification to facilitate understanding and sensible utility. Expressing values in a simplified type permits for environment friendly communication whereas acknowledging the inherent uncertainties in meteorological measurement and prediction. This simplification usually includes rounding, estimation, or using consultant values to convey the final magnitude or vary of a climate variable, quite than overly exact however probably deceptive figures. As an illustration, representing temperature as “~25C” supplies a readily digestible approximation with out the pointless precision of, say, 25.23C. Equally, a wind velocity of “~15 knots” presents a simplified illustration of a probably fluctuating amount. This observe permits people to know the important data shortly, facilitating well timed decision-making.

The significance of simplified values turns into significantly evident in situations requiring fast evaluation of climate situations. Contemplate a pilot making ready for takeoff. A wind velocity reported as “~20 knots” supplies important data for assessing potential crosswind elements with out overwhelming the pilot with extreme element. Equally, a farmer contemplating irrigation wants advantages extra from a simplified rainfall estimate of “~10 mm” than a extremely exact, however probably unsure, determine. In each circumstances, the simplified worth conveys the important data wanted for sensible decision-making, acknowledging the inherent variability of climate phenomena with out sacrificing readability or effectivity. This steadiness between accuracy and ease is essential for efficient communication and knowledgeable decision-making in weather-sensitive operations.

Efficient communication of climate data depends on the cautious steadiness between precision and ease. Whereas exact measurements are invaluable, the inherent uncertainties and variability inside climate programs necessitate using simplified values. The tilde, signifying approximation, acts as a vital indicator of this simplification. Recognizing the function and significance of simplified values, represented by the tilde, permits for a extra life like interpretation of climate information and fosters extra knowledgeable decision-making. This understanding is crucial not just for professionals in weather-sensitive industries but additionally for most of the people, selling efficient communication and enhancing preparedness for a spread of climate situations.

8. About/Round

The phrases “about” and “round,” when used together with climate phenomena, signify approximation and inherent uncertainty, usually represented by the tilde (~). These phrases convey a spread of attainable values quite than a exact measurement, reflecting the restrictions of each commentary and prediction in meteorology. Understanding this connection is essential for deciphering climate data realistically and making knowledgeable selections primarily based on possible ranges as an alternative of fastened values.

  • Speaking Uncertainty

    Utilizing “about” or “round” explicitly acknowledges the inherent uncertainty in climate forecasting. For instance, stating “about 20C” displays potential variations round this worth as a consequence of mannequin limitations, localized situations, and the chaotic nature of climate programs. This specific acknowledgment of uncertainty promotes a extra life like understanding of forecast limitations.

  • Sensible Software in Determination-Making

    Farmers counting on rainfall predictions of “round 50 mm” perceive the necessity for flexibility in irrigation methods. Equally, aviators deciphering wind speeds of “about 15 knots” account for potential variations throughout crucial phases of flight. “About/round” facilitates sensible decision-making by encouraging consideration of a spread of attainable situations.

  • Deciphering Rounded Values

    Reported values like “~10 cm of snow” usually signify rounded figures. “About” and “round” present context for these rounded values, emphasizing they signify approximate estimations quite than exact measurements. This clarification promotes correct interpretation of simplified climate information.

  • Public Communication of Forecasts

    Utilizing “about” or “round” in public climate forecasts makes the data extra accessible and comprehensible. Phrasing like “temperatures round 25C” avoids overly technical language whereas successfully speaking the anticipated temperature vary. This method enhances public comprehension and facilitates knowledgeable decision-making primarily based on readily digestible data.

The phrases “about” and “round,” synonymous with the tilde’s illustration of approximation, spotlight the significance of acknowledging uncertainty and variability in climate phenomena. This nuanced understanding promotes life like expectations of forecast accuracy and facilitates extra knowledgeable decision-making throughout varied sectors, from agriculture and transportation to public security and particular person planning. By recognizing the importance of those phrases, people can successfully interpret and make the most of climate data, accounting for inherent uncertainties and making selections primarily based on possible ranges quite than fastened, probably deceptive, values.

9. Not Actual

The idea of “not precise” is prime to understanding using the tilde (~) in representing climate phenomena. The tilde serves as an specific indicator of approximation, acknowledging the inherent limitations in measuring and predicting atmospheric situations. Exploring the assorted aspects of “not precise” supplies essential context for deciphering climate data realistically and making knowledgeable selections primarily based on inherent uncertainties.

  • Inherent Uncertainty

    Climate programs are complicated and influenced by quite a few interacting variables, making exact prediction a formidable problem. Representing temperature as “~22C” acknowledges this inherent uncertainty, indicating a possible vary quite than an absolute worth. This understanding of inherent uncertainty is essential for managing expectations and making versatile plans.

  • Measurement Limitations

    Meteorological devices have inherent limitations in precision. Moreover, climate stations can not cowl each location, necessitating estimations for areas with out direct measurements. Utilizing the tilde with a wind velocity, like “~15 knots,” displays these measurement limitations, emphasizing the approximate nature of the reported worth.

  • Mannequin Approximations

    Climate forecasting fashions, whereas refined, depend on simplified representations of complicated atmospheric processes. Predicting rainfall as “~5 mm” acknowledges the mannequin’s inherent limitations and potential deviations from the precise precipitation quantity. This understanding fosters life like expectations of forecast accuracy.

  • Speaking Approximation

    The tilde acts as a concise and universally understood image for approximation. It communicates, effectively, the “not precise” nature of a price, whether or not it is temperature, wind velocity, or precipitation. This clear communication of approximation is crucial for making certain that climate data is interpreted realistically and used appropriately for decision-making.

These aspects of “not precise,” all signified by the tilde, spotlight the significance of a nuanced method to deciphering climate data. The tilde serves as a continuing reminder of the inherent uncertainties and limitations in meteorological measurement and prediction. Recognizing this “not precise” nature promotes life like expectations, encourages consideration of a spread of potentialities, and in the end facilitates extra knowledgeable decision-making within the face of complicated and dynamic climate programs. This understanding is essential for successfully utilizing climate data throughout varied sectors, from agriculture and transportation to catastrophe administration and public security.

Steadily Requested Questions

This part addresses widespread inquiries relating to using the tilde (~) in representing climate phenomena.

Query 1: What does the tilde signify in a climate report?

The tilde signifies approximation. It signifies that the related worth shouldn’t be precise however quite an estimation, reflecting inherent uncertainties in measurement and forecasting.

Query 2: Why is approximation obligatory in meteorology?

Climate programs are complicated and influenced by quite a few interacting variables. Exact measurement and prediction are sometimes difficult, making approximation a obligatory device for conveying life like estimations.

Query 3: How does the tilde relate to uncertainty in climate forecasts?

The tilde serves as a visible illustration of uncertainty. It acknowledges the potential for deviations from the acknowledged worth as a consequence of elements equivalent to mannequin limitations, localized variations, and the chaotic nature of climate.

Query 4: Does using a tilde suggest inaccurate reporting?

No. The tilde signifies life like illustration of inherent uncertainties, selling transparency by acknowledging the restrictions of measurement and prediction in a fancy system. It signifies knowledgeable approximation quite than inaccuracy.

Query 5: How ought to one interpret a temperature given as “~20C”?

This signifies an estimated temperature round 20 levels Celsius. The precise temperature might fluctuate barely above or beneath this worth as a consequence of inherent uncertainties and potential localized variations.

Query 6: Is the tilde used constantly throughout all climate reporting platforms?

Whereas well known, using the tilde would possibly fluctuate. Nevertheless, the underlying precept of representing approximation stays constant throughout meteorological communication.

Understanding the importance of the tilde permits for a extra nuanced interpretation of climate data. It promotes life like expectations of forecast accuracy and facilitates knowledgeable decision-making primarily based on possible ranges quite than fastened values.

Additional sections will discover particular examples and case research illustrating the sensible utility of approximation in varied weather-related situations.

Suggestions for Deciphering Approximations in Climate Stories

The next ideas present steering on deciphering climate data containing approximations, usually indicated by a tilde (~).

Tip 1: Contemplate the Context.
The importance of an approximation will depend on the precise context. A temperature variation of ~1C is perhaps insignificant for common out of doors actions however essential for particular scientific experiments. Context determines the sensible influence of imprecision.

Tip 2: Account for Variability.
Climate situations fluctuate. An estimated rainfall of ~20 mm acknowledges potential variations throughout areas and all through the anticipated interval. Contemplate potential deviations from the acknowledged worth.

Tip 3: Interpret Possibilities Fastidiously.
Probabilistic forecasts usually incorporate approximations. “A 60% likelihood of ~5 mm of rain” combines the likelihood of incidence with an estimated rainfall quantity, each topic to uncertainty. Contemplate each facets when making selections.

Tip 4: Acknowledge Measurement Limitations.
Reported values mirror the restrictions of measuring devices. A wind velocity of ~10 knots acknowledges the finite precision of anemometers and potential variations throughout the measured space. Interpret measurements as approximations inside a spread.

Tip 5: Perceive Mannequin Limitations.
Forecasts derived from numerical fashions inherently contain simplifications of complicated atmospheric processes. An estimated temperature of ~25C acknowledges limitations in mannequin accuracy and potential deviations from actuality. Preserve life like expectations relating to forecast precision.

Tip 6: Concentrate on Traits and Ranges.
Reasonably than fixating on exact values, deal with general traits and ranges indicated by approximations. A gradual warming pattern, even with approximate each day temperatures, supplies invaluable data for planning.

Tip 7: Mix Info Sources.
Combine data from a number of sources, together with forecasts, observations, and native information, to refine understanding. Combining a forecast of “~15 knots” with native observations of wind situations enhances situational consciousness.

The following pointers emphasize the significance of deciphering climate data containing approximations realistically. By acknowledging inherent uncertainties and contemplating the context, people could make extra knowledgeable selections primarily based on a nuanced understanding of climate phenomena.

The next conclusion summarizes the important thing takeaways relating to the function and significance of approximations in meteorological communication.

Conclusion

This exploration of the tilde’s significance in representing climate phenomena underscores the significance of acknowledging inherent uncertainties inside meteorology. The tilde, signifying approximation, serves as a vital device for speaking the restrictions of measurement and prediction in a fancy and dynamic system. From rounding and simplification to representing variability and acknowledging “not precise” values, the tilde facilitates a extra nuanced and life like interpretation of climate data. This understanding promotes knowledgeable decision-making primarily based on possible ranges and potential fluctuations quite than fastened, probably deceptive, figures. Key facets highlighted embody the influence of measurement limitations, mannequin approximations, and the chaotic nature of climate programs on the precision of reported values. The sensible utility of this understanding spans varied sectors, impacting agriculture, aviation, catastrophe preparedness, and on a regular basis planning.

Efficient communication of climate data depends on placing a steadiness between precision and practicality. Embracing the tilde’s illustration of approximation fosters a extra life like understanding of climate phenomena, empowering people and industries to make knowledgeable selections within the face of inherent uncertainties. Continued emphasis on speaking uncertainty and variability stays essential for selling efficient utilization of climate data and enhancing preparedness for the vary of situations characterizing Earth’s dynamic environment.